Is Kratom Considered A Drug? Legal And Scientific Insights

Is Kratom Considered A Drug? Legal And Scientific Insights

Key Takeaways:

  • Kratom’s Dual Nature: Kratom is both a natural supplement and a substance with drug-like effects, classified as a “drug of concern” in the U.S., with legal status varying across jurisdictions.
  • Potential Benefits And Risks: Kratom may provide pain relief, energy, and mood enhancement, but it carries risks of dependency, side effects, and safety concerns due to inconsistent product quality.
  • Balanced Regulation Debate: Advocates for kratom regulation emphasize harm reduction, scientific research, and controlled access, while opponents highlight addiction risks, health concerns, and unpredictable effects.

Kratom has become a popular natural alternative for pain relief, energy boosts, and mood improvement, but its legal status and classification often leave people confused. Is it a drug, or just a herbal supplement?

While some users swear by its benefits, others are concerned about its potential risks. With growing debates over its safety and effectiveness, it’s important to understand what science and the law have to say about kratom.

In this article, we’ll break down whether kratom is considered a drug, dive into its legal standing, and provide scientific insights to help you navigate this controversial topic.

What Is Kratom? Understanding Its Origins And Uses

Kratom (Mitragyna speciose) is a plant native to Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Indigenous populations have used it for centuries for its stimulating and pain-relieving properties. However, in recent years, kratom has gained attention outside of its traditional use due to its growing popularity in alternative medicine circles and the debate surrounding its potential risks and benefits. 

Origins Of Kratom

Kratom is a tropical evergreen tree that belongs to the coffee family. Traditionally, its leaves have been chewed or brewed into tea to boost energy, relieve pain, or improve mood. In its native regions, kratom was also used by laborers to enhance stamina during long hours of physical work. The leaves of the kratom plant contain two primary active alkaloids—mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine—which are thought to interact with the brain’s opioid receptors, resulting in stimulant effects at lower doses and sedative effects at higher doses.1

Uses Of Kratom

Kratom has various reported uses, both in traditional settings and among modern users, which can range from recreational to medicinal. Its potential benefits have led to its use in different forms, including capsules, powders, and extracts. Some of the commonly reported uses of kratom include:

  • Pain Relief: Kratom has been traditionally used as a pain reliever, with some users reporting significant relief from chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis or back pain.2 The alkaloids in kratom might act similarly to opioids, possibly helping with pain management. However, its safety and efficacy for this use are still debated.
  • Stimulation And Energy Boost: At lower doses, kratom has stimulant-like effects. Users report increased alertness, energy, and even improved mood, making it popular among individuals looking for an alternative to caffeine or other stimulants.3
  • Mood Enhancement And Anxiety Relief: Some individuals have used kratom to help with symptoms of anxiety, depression, or stress.3 It may induce feelings of euphoria or calmness, particularly at higher doses. However, these effects are not universally experienced and depend on individual tolerance and dosage.
  • Opioid Withdrawal Aid: There is some evidence to suggest that kratom may help alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms,4 which has made it attractive to individuals looking to manage or reduce opioid use. However, the risk of kratom dependence itself remains a concern.

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Is Kratom Considered A Drug? A Clear Definition

When addressing the question, “Is kratom considered a drug?”, it’s crucial to dissect the term “drug” and understand the context in which kratom is evaluated. By definition, a drug can be any substance that, when ingested, alters the body’s function either physically or psychologically. Within this broad categorization, kratom indeed falls into the category of a drug due to its active compounds, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine, which interact with opioid receptors in the brain to produce stimulant effects at lower doses and sedative effects at higher doses.

From a legal perspective, the status of kratom varies by country and within jurisdictions in the United States. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the United States has listed kratom as a “drug of concern” but has not classified it as a controlled substance federally. This leaves a mosaic of legal statuses across different states, with some states having banned kratom while others allow its sale and use.

Kratom Powder And Capsules

In understanding whether kratom is considered a drug, it’s essential to observe the global landscape regarding its legality and regulation. Kratom’s regulatory status varies widely around the world, reflecting a patchwork of cultural, legal, and scientific attitudes towards the substance. Here, we provide a snapshot of where kratom stands across different jurisdictions.

In The United States

Kratom is not federally classified as a controlled substance but faces a complex legal status that varies by state. For example, it is legal in states like Nevada and Colorado under regulations that ensure consumer safety, such as the Kratom Consumer Protection Act. However, it is banned in other states, including Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. The disparity underscores a significant debate within the country regarding kratom’s benefits versus potential health risks.

Southeast Asia

Despite kratom’s origins in Southeast Asia, many countries in the region have strict prohibitions against it. Thailand, for example, had a long-standing ban but has recently seen a shift, legalizing kratom for medicinal purposes. Conversely, countries like Malaysia and Indonesia have complex regulations; while Malaysia has a strict ban in place, Indonesia, a major source of kratom for the global market, allows its cultivation and export but not domestic use.

European Union

Within the European Union (EU), the legal status of kratom varies by country. While there is no EU-wide ban on kratom, countries such as Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Sweden have national prohibitions. Meanwhile, nations like the United Kingdom have classified kratom under the Psychoactive Substances Act, effectively banning its sale, import, and export.

Elsewhere Around The Globe

Countries such as Australia and New Zealand have classified kratom as a medication; in Australia, it’s a controlled substance, and in New Zealand, it’s available only by prescription. In contrast, Canada takes a more permissive stance, allowing kratom to be sold but not for ingestion, meaning it can be marketed only for purposes like aromatherapy.

Current Research On Kratom: What Studies Reveal

Below is a detailed exploration of the current research on kratom and how it connects to its classification as a drug, as well as its legal and scientific implications.

Kratom’s Pharmacological Effects

Current research has focused heavily on understanding the pharmacology of kratom, particularly the active alkaloids in the plant—mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine—which are thought to interact with the opioid receptors in the brain. Studies suggest that kratom’s compounds may have opioid-like effects, though its mechanism of action is not identical to that of traditional opioids such as morphine.1

  • Mitragynine is believed to primarily act as a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptors, which are responsible for pain relief and euphoria. It has been shown to have stimulant-like effects at low doses and sedative effects at higher doses.
  • 7-hydroxymitragynine, another key alkaloid, has a much stronger binding affinity for opioid receptors and is thought to contribute to kratom’s pain-relieving and sedative properties. Some studies suggest that this compound may be more potent than morphine,5 but its long-term effects and potential for abuse remain unclear.

Potential Benefits: Pain Relief And Opioid Withdrawal

One of the most widely studied potential benefits of kratom is its use as a pain reliever and its ability to possibly ease opioid withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies have explored how kratom might serve as an alternative to traditional pain medications, particularly opioids, which carry significant risks of addiction, overdose, and dependency.

  • Pain Management: Some studies suggest that kratom may provide mild analgesic effects, potentially making it useful in managing conditions such as chronic pain or arthritis.2
  • Opioid Withdrawal: Another area of active research is kratom’s potential to assist in managing opioid withdrawal symptoms.4 Anecdotal evidence and some animal studies indicate that kratom may help ease symptoms like muscle pain, anxiety, and cravings associated with opioid withdrawal.

Risks Of Kratom Use: Dependency, Side Effects, And Safety Concerns

While the debate on whether kratom is considered a drug continues among legal and scientific circles, it’s crucial to understand the potential risks associated with its use. Like many substances that influence the body’s physiological and psychological mechanisms, kratom use comes with its own set of concerns—ranging from dependency to various side effects.

Dependency And Withdrawal

One of the primary risks of long-term kratom use is the potential for developing dependency. Users may need larger doses to achieve the same effects, leading to a cycle of increased use. Should someone who uses kratom regularly decide to stop, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms can include mood swings, fatigue, muscle aches, and irritability, which are not uncommon in substances that interact with the body’s opioid receptors.

Side Effects

Kratom’s side effects can vary widely, with some users reporting minimal adverse reactions, while others face more significant issues. Common side effects include nausea, itching, dry mouth, and increased urination. More serious concerns may arise with higher doses, such as seizures, liver damage, and psychosis. It’s important to approach kratom use with caution and to monitor for any adverse reactions closely.

Safety Concerns

The safety of kratom is also a point of contention, partly due to the variability in how it’s sourced and prepared. Without standardized manufacturing practices, the concentration of active compounds in kratom can vary greatly, leading to unpredictable effects. Furthermore, the lack of comprehensive regulatory oversight means that products labeled as kratom may be adulterated with other substances, potentially heightening the risk of adverse effects.

Debate Over Kratom: Should It Be Regulated Or Prohibited?

The question of whether Kratom should be regulated or outright prohibited has sparked intense debate among policymakers, scientists, and public health advocates. Both sides present compelling arguments, highlighting the potential benefits and risks associated with this complex substance.  

Arguments For Regulation

Proponents of regulating Kratom argue that it could offer several benefits:

  • Harm Reduction: Regulation could help ensure the quality and purity of Kratom products, reducing the risk of contamination and adverse health effects.  
  • Scientific Research: A regulated market would facilitate rigorous scientific research to better understand Kratom’s potential benefits and risks.
  • Controlled Access: Regulation could restrict access to Kratom, especially for minors, and limit its availability in certain settings.
  • Taxation: Taxing Kratom could generate revenue for public health programs and addiction treatment services.

Arguments For Prohibition

Opponents of Kratom argue that it poses significant risks to public health:  

  • Addiction Potential: Kratom can be addictive, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms.  
  • Overdose Risk: High doses of Kratom can be fatal, particularly when combined with other substances.  
  • Health Risks: Long-term use of Kratom has been linked to various health problems, including liver damage and cognitive impairment.  
  • Unpredictable Effects: The effects of Kratom can vary widely depending on factors such as dosage, individual sensitivity, and product quality.  

The Middle Ground: A Balanced Approach

A balanced approach to Kratom regulation may involve a combination of strategies:

  • Strict Quality Control: Implementing rigorous quality control standards to ensure the purity and safety of Kratom products.  
  • Age Restrictions: Limiting access to Kratom to adults to protect minors.  
  • Consumer Education: Providing accurate information about the potential benefits and risks of Kratom.
  • Monitoring And Surveillance: Tracking the use of Kratom and its impact on public health.
  • Treatment Options: Developing effective treatment programs for individuals struggling with Kratom addiction.

Strict Quality Control

Final Thoughts

Kratom’s journey from a traditional Southeast Asian remedy to a global phenomenon has sparked a complex debate surrounding its classification, legal status, and potential benefits and risks. While it offers potential relief for pain and opioid withdrawal symptoms, it’s essential to approach kratom with caution and be aware of its potential for dependence and adverse effects.

As scientific research continues to unravel the complexities of kratom, it’s crucial for policymakers, healthcare providers, and individuals to make informed decisions based on accurate information and a balanced understanding of its potential benefits and risks.

Read also:

Frequently Asked Questions About Whether Kratom Is Considered A Drug

Is kratom considered a drug by the FDA?

Yes, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified kratom as a drug of concern due to its opioid-like effects. The FDA has not approved kratom for any medical use and has expressed concerns regarding its safety and potential for abuse.

The legality of kratom in the United States is complicated and varies by state. While kratom is not federally regulated as an illegal drug, several states and local municipalities have enacted their bans or regulations against the possession, sale, and use of kratom.

Are there any FDA-approved uses for kratom?

No, there are currently no FDA-approved uses for kratom. The FDA advises against the use of kratom for any medical conditions due to concerns about its safety, effectiveness, and potential for abuse.

How do herbal supplements like kratom differ from prescription drugs?

Herbal supplements like kratom are made from plants and are not regulated by the FDA as strictly as prescription drugs. Prescription drugs undergo rigorous testing for safety, efficacy, and quality before approval, while supplements like kratom do not. This lack of regulation can lead to inconsistencies in purity and potency among kratom products.

Is there a safe dosage for kratom?

Because kratom is not FDA-regulated or approved, there is no officially recommended safe dosage. Dosages can vary widely depending on the form of kratom, its potency, and the individual’s physiological characteristics. Users should exercise caution and consider the potential risks of using unregulated substances like kratom.

Can kratom cause addiction?

Yes, kratom has the potential to cause addiction. Its opioid-like effects may lead to dependence, especially with prolonged or heavy use. Individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit, including muscle aches, irritability, emotional changes, and cravings for the substance.

Sources:

  1. Nur, Ummi Kalthum Azlan, Mediani, A., Tong, X., Han, R., Ebtesam Al-Olayan, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, Hamidun Bunawan, Murni Nazira Sarian, Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah, & Ibrahim Jantan. (2024). An insight review on the neuropharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of mitragynine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 171, 116134–116134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116134
  2. Kruegel, A. C., Uprety, R., Grinnell, S. G., Langreck, C., Pekarskaya, E. A., Le Rouzic, V., Ansonoff, M., Gassaway, M. M., Pintar, J. E., Pasternak, G. W., Javitch, J. A., Majumdar, S., & Sames, D. (2019). 7-Hydroxymitragynine Is an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator of Its Analgesic Effects. ACS Central Science, 5(6), 992–1001. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00141
  3. Hossain, R., Sultana, A., Manit Nuinoon, Kunwadee Noonong, Jitbanjong Tangpong, Kazi Helal Hossain, & Md Atiar Rahman. (2023). A Critical Review of the Neuropharmacological Effects of Kratom: An Insight from the Functional Array of Identified Natural Compounds. Molecules, 28(21), 7372–7372. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217372
  4. Prevete, E., Hupli, A., Marrinan, S., Singh, D., Udine, B. D., Bersani, G., Kuypers, K. P. C., Ramaekers, J. G., & Corazza, O. (2021). Exploring the use of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) via the YouTube data tool: A novel netnographic analysis. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health, 1, 100007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100007
  5. Phipps, S. M., & Grundmann, O. (2017). Pharmacology and Structure-Activity Relationship of Natural Products With Psychoactive Effects From Salvia divinorum , Mitragyna speciosa , and Ayahuasca. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63930-1.00001-6
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